U.S. District Judge Anna Brown issued the first sentence against an occupier of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge on Friday.

Scott Willingham will not have to serve his sentence of six months in prison because of the 190 days he has already served, but Brown ordered an additional two years of supervised release. Brown also required Willingham to pay fines to the federal government for stealing FBI cameras from the refuge in January.

Willingham was not one of the defendants charged with conspiracy for the 41-day occupation, but participated in the refuge occupation with Ammon Bundy and other leaders in January.

The sentence comes after Willingham pleaded guilty in April to theft of government property as part of a plea deal with federal prosecutors. Willingham agreed not to contact defendants in the ongoing trial of Bundy and six other occupiers as part of his plea deal, but his lawyer emphasized that Willingham was not a government informant and did not testify against the Bundys.

Willingham made headlines when he turned himself in to Grant County police in March. At that time, he threatened to shoot federal law enforcement officers if he was not jailed within a day.

Brown said in court Friday Willingham looked like a new person.

In a court statement, Willingham said he turned himself and pleaded guilty because “I wanted to come forward and be accountable for my actions because I had intentionally and knowingly done things I knew to be wrong. I want to put my actions behind me and move on.”

Willingham described himself to the Oregonian as an unemployed musician from Colorado. His lawyer says he is now “absolutely destitute” and will stay in Portland until he can get back on his feet.

EUGENE, Ore. (AP) — Rail officials are investigating after 13 railcars derailed on a Union Pacific train in Eugene.

The Register-Guard reports that Eugene police and Eugene Springfield Fire personnel were called Sunday when a black tanker car fell to its side in west Eugene on the Union Pacific tracks. Ten empty rail cars were behind the tanker, tilted at awkward angles. Two grain cars also derailed.

Union Pacific spokesman Justin Jacobs says the train was headed around a curve when the cars left the track. The track’s main line wasn’t affected and no hazardous material was released.

Jacobs says Union Pacific will not know what caused the derailment until its investigation is completed.

Despite not being on the main track, the derailment delayed passenger train service.

Barry Cook doesn’t want passersby to get too excited about the new crop he’s got growing at his nursery in Boring, Ore.

The distinctive palm-like, serrated leaves that identify the plants as cannabis are bound to attract some unwanted attention, which is why Cook has posted his fields with signs that identify them as industrial hemp, marijuana’s non-psychoactive relative.

The signs clarify that hemp contains zero THC, the psychoactive compound, and will produce no mind-altering effects if smoked, so stealing the plants is “not worth the headache.”

“If we get robbed, we’ll probably only get robbed once,” Cook said.

The name of Cook’s new venture — Boring Hemp Co. — is a double entendre referring to its physical location and the crop’s lack of psychoactive properties.

While the legalization of marijuana in Oregon has spawned a multitude of new businesses seeking to capitalize on the crop, Cook believes hemp also presents big opportunities with fewer risks.

“I don’t have the same security concerns as medical and recreational growers have,” he said.

For now, the Boring Hemp Co. is focusing on producing hemp seeds, which have been in short supply as the nascent industry finds its legs in the state.

Next year, Cook plans to begin segregating male plants, allowing the females to produce seedless flowers from which one can extract cannabidiol, or CBD, a medicinal compound used to treat pain, seizures and inflammation.

The stems and stalks of the plant will be dried and stored until Oregon’s hemp industry becomes more mature, in the hopes that processing facilities will be built to turn these byproducts into textiles, paper, rope, building materials or other goods.

“The plant has multiple income opportunities,” said Cook.

At this point, Cook is taking a conservative approach by growing hemp on land that’s resting fallow between rotations of nursery stock.

This strategy will allow Boring Hemp Co. to get a sense of how much money can be earned from the crop and whether it’s worth expanding.

“We’re not quitting the nursery industry, but here is an annual crop that has a potential up side not only financially but environmentally,” he said.

Research has shown that hemp’s deep roots are valuable for soil structure and reduce the presence of undesirable nematodes and fungi. They’re also used in “phytoremediation” of land by drawing heavy metals from the soil.

Hemp is already grown on a large scale in Canada for oilseed and fiber, but Cook thinks Oregon growers can establish a niche industry on a smaller scale because the plant’s flowers are the primary product.

“We’re doing it for different reasons,” he said.

Boring Hemp Co. is starting as a family affair, with Cook’s wife, Lee Ann, and three grown sons, Bo, Sam and Ty, involved in different aspects of the operation.

Bo is charged with growing the plants, Sam will be developing a business plan and Ty will work with vendors and customers.

“They all communicate really well with each other,” Cook said.

Venturing into hemp isn’t the first time Cook has reinvented his agricultural enterprise.

In the early 1980s, upon buying his property, Cook raised raspberries, strawberries and blackberries but eventually grew tired of insufficient labor and weather fluctuations that damaged the crops.

In 1996, he switched to growing various types of ornamental nursery stock while operating a hydro-seeding and erosion control company, Northwest Hydro-Mulchers, that continues to be the family’s primary business.

Now, he’s aiming to put his plant knowledge to use while exploring new territory by breeding hemp to maximize CBD while minimizing THC.

“We’re hoping we can become more refined and accurate,” Cook said.

Barry Cook

Occupation: Business owner, nursery producer, hemp grower

Hometown: Boring, Ore.

Age: 58

Education: Attended the University of Montana

Family, Wife, Lee Ann, and three grown sons, Bo, Sam and Ty

BEND — In their first public sparring, Oregon Gov. Kate Brown and Republican gubernatorial candidate Dr. William “Bud” Pierce went head to head on three topics: the economy, land use and the “urban-rural divide.”

The debate was intended to focus on rural Oregon.

Although the candidates agreed that rural communities needed a say in land use issues, better access to healthcare and more jobs, they disagreed on taxes and state expenditures.

“We cannot cut our way toward a better Oregon,” Brown said, summarizing a key difference in messaging between the two campaigns.

Brown reiterated her support for Ballot Measure 97, the proposed tax on certain corporate gross sales receipts, saying that additional investment was needed in basic services, while Pierce said more broadly that promoting prosperous rural economies would have ripple effects in areas such as education and healthcare.

In her opening statement, Brown said her vision for the state encompassed improving educational outcomes, investing in infrastructure and preserving “the beauty and bounty of Oregon.”

She touted her administration’s “progress” in the past year and a half in implementing automatic voter registration and passing legislation to convert Oregon from coal to clean sources of energy.

Pierce’s criticism of Brown began with his opening statement, in which he said Brown was “distant from the people” and seldom visited rural areas. He said he also wanted to address education, and also said improving mental healthcare, the state’s rural economies and homelessness were central to his platform.

The first third of the debate focused around the economy.

Brown, in response to a question about the effects of the increased minimum wage on rural business, defended the state’s mandated minimum wage increases, which will vary by area, saying she would not apologize for advocating for “working families.”

Pierce, asked about recreational marijuana, said the state’s law legalizing recreational marijuana was “well-crafted,” and that he supported local control over regulations. He also said he wished to bring the industry into mainstream banking, saying that a cash-only system was open to corruption.

Brown, in reiterating her support for Measure 97, said that state government needed sufficient revenue for basic services and that large corporations should pay a “fair share.”

Brown, in an interview with Oregon Public Broadcasting last month, acknowledged consumers in Oregon would bear some of the burden should the measure pass. But in Saturday’s debate she said the measure was the only viable option to remedy the state’s projected budget $1.35 billion shortfall. Measure 97 is projected to pull in an additional $6 billion in revenue per budget biennium.

In a rebuttal, Pierce disagreed, citing figures from the Legislative Revenue Office estimating that the average family would pay $600 more annually in costs.

Brown said she sought to improve education and infrastructure in rural areas, and touted the state’s recent investment in “innovative technologies,” citing cross-laminated timber and unmanned aerial vehicles.

In response to a question about shrinking rural economies and populations, Pierce said he wanted to renew natural resource industries in rural areas and support entrepreneurs through incentives such as tax credits or enterprise zones.

In the second part of the debate, which centered on land use, Brown was asked to clarify her stance on the proposed designation of the Owyhee Canyonlands in Eastern Oregon as a national monument.

The incumbent said she supported collaboration in coming to a decision.

Asked to expand on her answer, Brown maintained a “process” needed to be in place for taking public input. She would not say explicitly whether she was for or against the designation.

“I think there needs to be a collaborative approach and parties need to come to the table,” Brown said.

Pierce rebutted that the community around the proposed monument opposes the designation.

“The people who lived on the lands overwhelmingly said no,” Pierce said, and said he opposed what he characterized as an additional layer of bureaucracy.

Pierce and Brown also disagreed more broadly about the federal government’s management of public lands in Oregon. Pierce said that he supported a gradual transfer of federal public lands to state and local agencies, a move Brown called unrealistic.

“I think there’s a third way,” Brown said. She said the state was already cooperating with the federal government, and cited the state’s “good neighbor agreement” with the U.S. Forest Service regarding forest management.

She also attributed what she said was a 15 percent increase in timber harvest off federal public lands in Eastern Oregon in 2015 to such collaborations.

Brown, in a response to a question about easing tensions between various levels of government and the communities they serve, said that she fought on state and federal levels to reimburse Harney County and state law enforcement for costs incurred by the response to the occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge earlier this year.

While Pierce said that employment and basic healthcare can improve individual health, Brown said Pierce would “kick people off the Oregon Health Plan” and that she sought to remove barriers to healthcare.

“Every time we have a budget cut in this state, we cut people or we cut services,” Brown said.

Pierce objected, noting he was in favor of the recent Medicaid expansion in the state, but that rural communities suffered from a lack of affordable health insurance.

“All the great words in the world from the governor will not provide affordable insurance,” Pierce said.

He said that both health and educational outcomes could be bolstered by improved rural economies.

“If we have prosperity in rural areas, prosperous families can take care of their children,” Pierce said, arguing that rural areas have been neglected by Brown’s administration.

He also emphasized his background as a private citizen in contrast to Brown’s 25 years in state government and said her record was poor in those years.

But Brown said the state needed to continue investing in education to improve outcomes, citing the state’s comparatively short school years and large class sizes. She pointed to her appointment of an education innovation officer, whom she said would provide school districts sufficient resources to allow graduates to have a “plan.”

In response to a question about how far to go when making exceptions for rural communities on state policies. Brown said there were a “number of circumstances” where exceptions were created for different communities based on need — including the tiering of the minimum wage increase and local discretion on recreational marijuana.

She criticized Republicans’ response to the state’s low-carbon fuel standard.

“We put on the table an exemption for rural Oregon, but Republican legislators chose to align with the petroleum industry” and did not heed the wishes of constituents, Brown said.

Asked about how she would balance healthy natural environments in rural communities while allowing rural communities to capitalize on their natural resources, Brown said that climate change was the most significant issue, and that it was “imperative” that the Oregon Department of Forestry and other state agencies have adequate resources to collect data.

Pierce called Brown’s response a “non-answer” and agreed that while climate change was an issue, he supported a “triple aim” of lower carbon emissions, reliable supply of energy and lower costs.

He said he wanted to help industries that rely on water thrive, but also encourage more “judicious use of water.”

Brown, in a counter-response, also called Pierce’s response a non-answer and said that she wanted to preserve the state for future generations.

“I don’t think we want to look like Idaho,” Brown said. “I want us to keep Oregon green.”

Saturday’s debate was moderated by the Oregon chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists, with questions offered by representatives of the East Oregonian, KTVZ-TV, Jefferson Public Radio and the Bend Bulletin

Brown and Pierce are expected to debate again four more times before the Nov. 8 election: On Sept. 30, they will square off before the City Club of Portland.

As the Oregon state liaison to the IR-4 Project for the past 10 years and as a researcher for the project for more than 20 years, Oregon State University Assistant Horticulture Professor Joe DeFrancesco has helped thousands of minor crop producers in Oregon gain access to crop protection products.

Those days are coming to an end, however. DeFrancesco is retiring Oct. 1 after 30 years with Oregon State University.

To calculate the value of DeFrancesco’s work to Oregon agriculture, one has to understand that the majority of Oregon agriculture involves specialty crop production. And many of the pesticides cleared for use on specialty crops obtain their registrations through the Rutgers University-based IR-4 Project.

“Joe has been very central to getting all of these specialty crop products through the IR-4 process, both here in Oregon and in the IR-4 system itself,” said Bryan Ostlund, administrator of six Oregon commodity commissions.

“I’ve been to some of the IR-4 meetings and seen how well respected he is,” Ostlund said. “When Joe speaks, oftentimes what he represents get priority.”

The project determines which pesticides to research in a Priority Setting Workshop, held annually in September.

DeFrancesco’s history with the IR-4 Project dates back to the early 1990s when he and Bob McReynolds, a former OSU vegetable crops extension agent, saw a need for registering chemicals for minor crop uses and started working with the national project.

“Bob and I did a couple of (field) trials,” DeFrancesco said. “Then they proposed we do more.”

In the late 1990s, the North Willamette Research and Extension Center became an official IR-4 Field Research Center, guaranteeing the center a certain amount of trials per year and a certain amount of funding for the trial work. DeFrancesco’s program also obtains funds through research grants from the Oregon Department of Agriculture and Oregon commodity commissions. The IR-4 Project is funded through the USDA’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

In 2006, DeFrancesco became the Oregon liaison to the project, and, when McReynolds retired in 2010, DeFrancesco became director of the North Willamette IR-4 Field Research Center. The center today has two full-time researchers on staff who conduct trials under DeFrancesco’s management on crop chemical efficacy, crop-safety and crop chemical residue levels.

Nationally, IR-4 data supplied 1,175 chemical clearances, or registrations, on food crops in 2015, the highest number of annual clearances in the organization’s 53-year history.

In retirement, DeFrancesco said he plans to continue participating in a project he started working with two years ago in his off-time, the USDA’s Global Capacity Development Residue Data Generation Project in Africa. Also, for at least one year, DeFrancesco will work part-time at OSU with the intent of training his replacement.

“Fortunately, we have seen some real leadership at OSU who are keeping this position a priority,” Ostlund said. “And it certainly should be. It warrants that.”

Work to fill the position today is in the interview stage, DeFrancesco said, with four finalists still in the running.

“Joe will be missed,” said Mike Bondi, director of the North Willamette Valley Experiment Station. “Joe is very good at his job, and he is highly respected nationally, as well as locally. Finding the next person who will walk in his shoes is a little bit of a daunting task.”

SALEM — If a downtown pumpkin patch doesn’t draw a crowd, a 30-foot salmon on the Capitol steps ought to reel people in.

Oregon Capitol Foundation hosts “Oregon’s Bounty: A Celebration of the Harvest” from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Saturday, Oct. 8, at the Oregon State Capitol in Salem.

The event will raise awareness of agriculture and familiarize the public with the workings of the Capitol.

In its second year, its number of partners has doubled to two dozen agriculture-related businesses, agencies and groups.

All of the partners provide displays and hands-on activities that teach people about raising fruit, vegetables, dairy cows and other livestock and informs about natural resources, and school programs, including FFA.

Among the attractions inside the Capitol and around the Capitol Mall will be baby animals, a free pumpkin patch, antique tractors, live music and dancing, face painting and Claudia the Chinook Salmon.

“We hope to double last year’s 600-800 visitors,” Stacy Nalley of the Oregon State Capitol said. “We have Claudia the Chinook Salmon from Polk Soil & Water Conservation District. At 25-30 feet long and probably 9 feet tall, she should be a real draw to people driving by.”

Steve Johnson, Early Day Gas Engine Tractor Association president, is modifying the selection of antique tractors he’s bringing this year.

“Last year I had a couple of really unique tractors,” Johnson said. “The kids didn’t care about that. … I had a couple little ones there that I didn’t care if they climbed on and that’s all they wanted to do.”

This and other Saturday events, including Cherry Blossom Day in March, seek to bring the public into the Capitol in a celebratory way.

“All of these have come about because of the Capitol History Gateway Project,” Nalley said. “When they come through those doors we want them to know that this is the people’s building and they are welcome here. During our building tours we try to deliver the message that they’re able to participate in everything that happens in the chambers and hearing rooms — and if they’re not able to be here it’s all streamed on the internet.”

In the House, a giant Douglas fir tree is woven into the carpet’s design; the Senate carpet incorporates a chinook salmon and wheat.

“At the time this building was built, forestry, agriculture and fishing were the top industries in our state, forestry being No. 1,” Nalley said. “We’re still leading the way in agriculture; Oregon is No. 1 in almost 20 different crops.”

Just as with local government, a disconnect persists between the public and the source. Events like this, organizers hope, will narrow the gap in ways other methods cannot.

“Last year there were a number of families who actually took public transportation to get here,” Nalley said. “That was really eye-opening. Maybe we really are serving a market that really can’t get out to a farm.”

Oregon’s Bounty: A Celebration of the Harvest

Time: 10 a.m.-2 p.m.

Date: Saturday, Oct. 8

Place: Oregon State Capitol, 900 Court St. NE, Salem

Parking: Free

Rain or shine.

Schedule

All day: Booths, activities, tractor display, Claudia the Chinook Salmon display

10 a.m.-1 p.m.: Face painting

10 a.m.-12:30 p.m.: Roundhouse Band

11-11:30 a.m.: Cherry City Cloggers

1-1:30 p.m.: Independence Wagon Wheelers Square Dancers

11:30 a.m. & 1:30 pm: Capitol building tours

11 a.m., noon & 1 p.m.: Tower tours (weather permitting; 50-guest limit)

More info: www.oregoncapitol.com; Oregon State Capitol Visitor Services Department, 503-986-1388

WALLOWA, Ore. — Following a growing national trend, state licensing is making it easier for small farms to bring locally raised chickens to market. As of Sept. 1, Hawkins Sisters Ranch in Wallowa is the only Oregon Department of Agriculture processing facility in Eastern Oregon.

ODA-licensed facilities are exempt from FDA regulations and allow up to 20,000 chickens to be processed a year. Mary Hawkins raises chickens on her family’s farm in Wallowa, a small town in northeastern Oregon.

Hawkins said she and her sisters moved with their mother to Portland when they were in elementary school and spent summers on the farm. She started raising chickens on her own not long after she graduated from Smith College.

“I came straight home after college, had various jobs and raised and sold chickens,” Hawkins said.

After a few years she said she took what she called a “walk about”; she left Eastern Oregon and worked on farms in New York. While raising and preserving food was still the norm back home, it was becoming a movement across the country in the late 2000s.

“My time in New York pushed me into the idea that sustainable, local food is a growing national concern,” Hawkins said.

While on the East Coast, she worked in a chicken slaughterhouse. While Wallowa County is known for its beef, Hawkins decided to continue raising chickens when she returned to Oregon.

“I thought meat processing was something practical that could work here,” Hawkins said.

With microloans from the USDA Hawkins bought chicks, feed, coops, feeders, water troughs and wire cages. She raised around 800 chickens a year, processing them at an ODA facility in Cove, an hour’s drive. But last fall the family who ran the processing plant moved to South Dakota.

She said she purchased their scalder, plucker and vacuum sealer, took out a home equity loan and combined with her savings she bought a pre-fab, 14x40 shell made outside of Baker City. Once delivered she and her partner, Mark Kristiansen, followed the ODA specifications to install washable walls, hand and commercial sinks, proper lighting and ventilation, and insect and rodent-proof.

“I can’t believe how supportive ODA has been throughout,” Hawkins said. “If I had a question about what paint to use I could email them and get quick reply.”

On Sept. 1, with license in hand and two helpers, Hawkins butchered and packaged chickens in her new facility. She said she expects to process about 150 a day two times a week through Thanksgiving and will start getting chicks again in May.

Hawkins said she sells her own chickens directly from the farm and at a local farmers’ market and processes birds for other farmers as well. She said her goal is to process 2,000 of her own and another 4,000 to 6,000 a year for customers.

For Hawkins, raising her chickens holistically is as important as creating a viable business and part-time employment in a rural county. She said she gets her wheat and barley grown and milled from a local farm and can use the effluent from the processing plant on her compost piles or pump it onto her fields. She said Oregon Department of Environmental Quality permitting allows her to use up to 10 tons of effluent a year on her farm, which is mostly water, some bleach and detergent and guts and feathers.

In her second week in business Hawkins said she didn’t expect to be so busy right away.

“The plant solves a problem for the area and its fun to be in there getting it done,” Hawkins said.

BEND, Ore. (AP) — Conservation groups argue in a new lawsuit that Oregon violated its own Endangered Species Act by removing the endangered status of gray wolves.

The Bulletin reports that the lawsuit was filed Tuesday, coinciding with preparations to update the state’s wolf management plan. The Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission removed the wolf from the endangered species list last year, saying the species had rebounded within significant portions of its range.

But the Center for Biological Diversity’s West Coast wolf organizer Amaroq Weiss says wolves are still in danger of extinction in Oregon and should not have been delisted. The group argues in its brief that wolves occupy only 8 percent of their natural range in Oregon.

Fish and Wildlife spokeswoman Michelle Dennehy had no comment on the conservation groups’ filing.

PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) — U.S. District Judge Anna Brown warned Ammon Bundy’s lawyer that she will hold him in contempt of court if he keeps trying to bring up Robert “LaVoy” Finicum’s death in front of jurors.

Police fatally shot the occupation spokesman Jan. 26 during a traffic stop north of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. The judge has repeatedly said this trial is about whether Bundy and his co-defendants engaged in a conspiracy during last winter’s armed occupation of the refuge.

The judge told Bundy lawyer Marcus Mumford on Thursday that she will fine him $1,000 each time he raises the Finicum issue while questioning witnesses.

“I have ruled on this issue and it appears to me you disregard it,” Brown told him while jurors were away.

“Do you understand what I’m saying ... yes or no?” the judge asked.

“I don’t understand. Your honor says I’m asking improper questions?” Mumford said.

The judge reminded Mumford that he had just tried to question a rancher whose property is adjacent to the refuge about the Finicum shooting.

“You are not to do that,” Brown said.

“You’re telling me I’m allowed to inquire about the shooting, but not the circumstances of the shooting?” Mumford asked.

Brown reminded Mumford that he can’t mention anything about the Finicum shooting, beyond that it occurred and the date.

“I can understand the words,” Mumford said.

“I hope you can comply,” the judge replied.

The trial resumes Monday after a three-day weekend.

The government plans to conclude its case by Tuesday afternoon. Defense lawyers are expected to start presenting their side Wednesday.

The seven defendants are charged with conspiring to prevent federal employees from doing their jobs at the remote bird sanctuary. Five of them are also charged with possession of a firearm in a federal facility.

They occupiers wanted the federal government to free two ranchers imprisoned for arson and relinquish control of Western lands.

SALEM — Labor disputes are often blamed for discontinued ocean container shipping at Port of Portland’s “Terminal 6,” but the facility faces broader problems, a port executive said.

Even if conflicts between the port, the terminal operator and the longshoremen’s union were resolved, turmoil in the global shipping industry would affect the facility, said Keith Leavitt, the port’s chief commercial officer.

“There’s no one silver bullet here,” Leavitt said during a Sept. 22 hearing before the Oregon House Interim Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources.

Ocean carriers ordered gigantic “megaships” nearly a decade ago that can carry a huge number of containers with the idea of improving efficiency, he said.

Now that the vessels have come online, though, there’s not enough cargo to justify the investment, Leavitt said.

“They are not filling those vessels because the demand for space on those vessels is not keeping up with capacity,” he said.

As a result, the price of freight on ocean liners has dropped so low that shipping companies aren’t able to pay off debts, which recently caused the bankruptcy of Hanjin, a company that long serviced the Port of Portland before stopping service last year, he said.

Because ports are afraid of not getting paid for loading and unloading containers from Hanjin ships, that’s left a lot of cargo stranded across the globe, including Northwest farm goods, Leavitt said.

Leavitt said he expects the shipping industry’s problems will be sorted out over the next several years, but even then, Port of Portland’s Terminal 6 will face some headwinds.

The new “megaships” carry up to 25,000, 20-foot-long containers, but the Port of Portland can only handle ships that carry 7,000 such containers, he said.

“The megaships are just not going to be calling on the Columbia river,” said Leavitt.

However, it’s difficult to imagine that Pacific Ocean shipping will be reduced to megaships traveling between large ports in Hong Kong and Los Angeles, he said.

Terminal 6 should be able to attract some vessels, but the facility’s niche is likely to be more “surgical” than it was in the past, he said.

“We’re a niche port, we always have been,” Leavitt said.

Shelly Boshart Davis, whose family owns farming and trucking operations, agreed that the resumption of activity at Terminal 6 “wouldn’t fix everything,” but it would help Oregon agriculture remain competitive.

Baled straw was, by volume, the largest Oregon export commodity to depend on containerized shipping from the Port of Portland, said Boshart Davis. Even so, less than 40 percent of the state’s straw volume passed through that facility.

When productivity at West Coast ports severely declined during labor contract negotiations between longshoremen and port operators in late 2014, straw that would have been exported to Asia backed up in Oregon, she said.

That higher inventory, in turn, depressed prices for growers, Boshart Davis said.

Shipping complications have also affected the Christmas tree industry, particularly in export destinations like the Philippines, where retailers expect to display trees by mid-November, said Gayla Hansen of Kirk International, which exports trees.

The more time Christmas trees spend on the dock, the less profit there is for exporters, she said. “There is no one to call to help you. You’re on your own. There’s no hotline.”

The lack of containerized shipping at the Port of Portland has indirect effects on the nursery industry, because fewer trucks are available in the area, said Leigh Geschwill, president of the Oregon Association of Nurseries.

“Not having a fully functional port reduces the number of trucks willing to come,” she said.

PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) — An Oregon State Police trooper testified a government informant was driving Ammon Bundy when the Oregon standoff leader was arrested on his way to a community meeting north of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge.

Trooper Jeremiah Beckert said Wednesday that informant Mark McConnell alerted police that Bundy and other occupiers were traveling Jan. 26 and provided their location.

Beckert then described the ensuing traffic stop and arrests. He said he did not see what happened to Robert “LaVoy” Finicum, the occupation spokesman shot by police after fleeing the stop.

U.S. District Judge Anna Brown warned attorneys not bring up the circumstances of the Finicum shooting in front of jurors. When it was mentioned, she told jurors this trial is not about the Finicum shooting.

Bundy and six co-defendants are charged with conspiring to impede federal officers from doing their jobs at the wildlife refuge.

BOISE, Idaho (AP) — The federal government’s 5-year, $67 million rehabilitation effort following a 2015 rangeland wildfire in southwest Idaho and southeast Oregon is entering its second year with another round of herbicide applications combined with plantings of native species.

The U.S. Bureau of Land Management has started applying the herbicide Imazapic on federal lands to knock out invasive weeds in Oregon and will begin in Idaho in October, officials said this week.

The rehabilitation is part of the federal government’s plan to develop new strategies to combat increasingly destructive rangeland wildfires, mainly in Great Basin states that contain significant habitat for greater sage grouse, a bird found in 11 Western states. About 200,000 to 500,000 remain, down from a peak population of about 16 million.

About 100 square miles of aerial spraying is taking place in Idaho and Oregon and visitors are asked to stay away from posted areas.

Other areas previously treated with herbicide will be re-planted with bluebunch wheatgrass, squirrel tail and Sandberg’s wheatgrass, to name a few, said Cindy Fritz, a natural resource specialist with the Boise District of the BLM. It is hoped the native plants will keep out invasive species, particularly fire-prone cheatgrass.

The 2015 wildfire scorched about 436 square miles of sagebrush steppe that supports cattle grazing and some 350 species of wildlife, including sage grouse.

Federal officials chose not to list the ground-dwelling bird as endangered last year but that decision will be reviewed in about four years, and what happens with the wildfire rehabilitation in Idaho and Oregon could play a role.

“The sage grouse wasn’t listed but it will be reviewed for listing soon enough, and some kind of evidence that you can recover habitat for the bird is an important habitat question that they’re trying to get right,” said John Freemuth, a Boise State University professor and public lands expert.

Part of the new strategy on the rehabilitation is extending the effort to five years rather than the typical three, as well as applying what scientists call adaptive management that allows changing plans if something doesn’t appear to be working.

Fritz said the adaptive management is currently being used with about 8 square miles treated with herbicide last year that failed to eliminate invasive species.

Previously, Fritz said, with the shorter three-year timeline, “we would have walked away. The fact that we get to do multiple treatments is something very new to us.”

Much is riding on the rehabilitation effort that is expected to produce proven strategies to help restore future rangeland wildfire areas with the goal of making them more resistant to fire and resilient if a fire moves through.

Interior Secretary Sally Jewell toured the area in May to get an update on the work that’s a result of her order last year calling for a “science-based” approach to safeguard greater sage grouse while contending with fires that have been especially destructive in the Great Basin.

Freemuth said adaptive management has been talked about for a long time but is rarely used due to staffing levels and lack of resources.

“I think they needed a signal, as Jewell gave, to monitor things long term and change things if something doesn’t work out,” he said.

The BLM has partnered with the U.S. Geological Survey to quantify results with some 2,000 sample monitoring plots being tracked.

SALEM — Groundwater depletion problems discussed during a recent hearing in Salem could foreshadow policy proposals that will surface during the 2017 legislative session.

While participants in the “legislative days” informational session did not address the recent newspaper series by name, the Oregonian’s “Draining Oregon” package obviously loomed over the hearing.

Printed stacks of the series, which was printed last month, sat on a table near the entrance during the Sept. 21 hearing.

The newspaper’s allegations that state regulators are allowing farmers to over-pump groundwater were also clearly on the minds of lawmakers on the House Interim Committee on Rural Communities, Land Use and Water — as well as those of Oregon Water Resources Department staff called to testify.

Committee chair Brian Clem, D-Salem, said the topic will likely be a source of conversations during the next series of “legislative days” in November and during next year’s legislative session.

To avoid “brutal neighbor-on-neighbor warfare,” lawmakers should try to find a collaborative approach for water conservation, he said.

With the caveat that he didn’t want to attack journalists who “buy ink by the barrel,” Clem said he was concerned about loaded terms that imply farmers are greedy and wasteful.

“Farmers don’t become farmers to become rich,” he said. “There are much easier ways of getting rich.”

The basic thesis of “Draining Oregon” was that OWRD had insufficient information about groundwater levels across much of the state but nonetheless freely allowed well drilling, depleting aquifers.

Tom Byler, OWRD’s director, conceded that over-pumping in past decades had led to several critical groundwater areas across the state, which led the agency to restrict uses.

“We haven’t done as good a job as we should on that item,” he said.

Byler said groundwater is tough to manage given the complex geology of underground aquifers and because farmers have become more reliant on this irrigation source when surface waters dwindle during the dry months.

Since 1955, when legislators passed a law requiring groundwater regulations, the number of wells across the state has increased from 4,660 to 256,800, said Justin Iverson, groundwater section manager for OWRD.

Agricultural wells — which require permitting — make up roughly 10 percent of the total number, but they represent about 90 percent of total groundwater usage in Oregon, Iverson said.

While domestic users must only report the location of new wells, drillers of agricultural wells must also provide information about water levels and irrigators must report their usage, he said.

OWRD also monitors groundwater with more than 1,200 observation wells, Iverson said.

Rep. Ken Helm, questioned whether water regulators were “driving in the dark” in regard to well-drilling and the effects of climate change on water availability.

“Does that change the paradigm under which we should be operating?” Helm said.

He also asked if the OWRD is simply short of funding to robustly study groundwater, or if policy changes are also needed.

Byler replied that the agency already has many regulatory tools but is always open to looking at new ones.

PHILOMATH, Ore. – The forestry program at Philomath High School, already considered robust for a small school district, will be the chief beneficiary of 20 acres of timber donated by one of the pioneering figures in agricultural and resource economics.

Emery N. Castle donated the Castle Family Forest near Wren, Ore., to the Philomath Community Foundation, which will lease it to the school district. Philomath High has a four-year forestry and natural resources program that includes course and field work in reforestation, timber inventory and harvest practices.

“We teach them to be good stewards of the land,” forestry instructor Simon Babcock said.

The timberland donated by Castle, primarily Douglas fir, will serve as a land laboratory, Babcock said, and will be available for use by all students in the district. He envisioned science or other classes at all grade levels being able to use the site as part of their learning.

Babcock said the first work for students will be to rock an existing road to provide better access into the site. The land and timber, located along Kings Valley Highway, was appraised at about $160,000.

The donation was an idea pressed by Van Decker, a former cattle rancher who has a 250-acre tree farm in the area and, at 77, still works for a local logging company. Decker took classes from Emery Castle at Oregon State University in the 1960s, impressed the professor with a paper on water economics, and has remained friends with his mentor over the decades.

Decker also teaches a timber accounting class at Philomath High and hosts students at his shop and lets them practice timber cruising on his land. He wrote a proposal to Castle about donating the land, took him to visit Babcock’s classes and arranged for a student video about forestry skills they were learning.

Castle, now 93 and living in Portland, had his doubts at first.

“I was not terribly enthusiastic about it,” he said. “I was not opposed to doing something like that, I just wasn’t sure it was going to pay off in the long run.

“I was thinking of the students,” he added. “I wondered if they really should be spending a lot of time on something of a vocational nature instead of tearing into their academic work and maybe mastering that a little bit better.”

But Castle didn’t hesitate long. He acknowledged there is a segment of students who are better served by vocational or hands-on learning. He said some might find an opportunity in forestry, otherwise they might “float by” in school.

“I grew up through agriculture, I went to college in agriculture, then left and got into a broader field (economics),” he said. “I would like for something like that to happen to them.”

Castle had another concern, as well: his daughter, Cheryl Rogers.

“She was the one that would lose in the long run,” Castle said. “She’s an only child and would have an inheritance there.”

Rogers, an accountant, gave the proposal a rigorous examination and fully supports the donation. She said the broader educational use of the land is a tribute to her late mother, Merab Castle, who taught speech, drama, English and grammar in rural Kansas until she became pregnant with Rogers.

“It’s really important to my dad that this be recognized as something not just done for him, necessarily, or by him, but done as a memorial to the great teaching my mother did,” she said.

Her dad was no slouch either. He grew up poor during the Depression, served as a radioman aboard a B-17 bomber during World War II and arrived at Oregon State in 1954 to begin his academic career. He taught and did research for more than 50 years, and in addition to teaching spent 10 years as vice president, then president, of a Washington, D.C., think tank, Resources for the Future.

Bruce Weber, emeritus professor and director of the Rural Studies Program at OSU, said Castle is “one of the most influential agricultural economists in the United States.”

Working with fellow OSU prof Manning Becker, Castle wrote a farm management textbook that educated generations of students, Weber said. Castle started OSU’s Rural Studies program, and funded the Castle Endowment in Resource and Rural Economics to support faculty work in that area.

“He has a continuing and ongoing interest in rural people and places, and their well-being,” Weber said.

PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) — A prosecutor says Ammon Bundy had more than $8,000 in his jacket at the time of his arrest.

Assistant U.S. Attorney Craig Gabriel told the court Tuesday the cash indicates Bundy planned to continue occupying the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge for a long time. Gabriel said the Idaho resident also had a withdrawal slip for $6,000 from a bank he visited in that state the day before his arrest.

Bundy was arrested Jan. 26 during a traffic stop as he and other occupation leaders were traveling to a community meeting north of the refuge.

He and six others are on trial in Portland, accused of conspiring to prevent federal workers from doing their jobs at the refuge. Two refuge employees and a Harney County sheriff’s sergeant testified Tuesday morning.

Multiple Oregon farm and agribusiness groups have requested that outgoing Oregon Department of Agriculture Director Katy Coba be replaced with Lisa Hanson, the agency’s deputy director.

Some organizations, however, are withholding judgment until Oregon Gov. Kate Brown has a chance to vet multiple candidates for the position.

Coba is leaving the agency to take the reins at Oregon’s Department of Administrative Services and serve as the state’s chief operating officer in early October.

Hanson will serve as the ODA’s interim director but several farm groups wrote Brown a letter urging her to make the appointment permanent.

Those organizations include Oregon Farm Bureau, Oregon Cattlemen’s Association, Oregonians for Food & Shelter, Oregon Dairy Farmers Association, Oregon Association of Nurseries, Oregon Seed Council, Oregon Seed Association and Northwest Food Processors Association.

It’s important that the agency be led by someone who is solution-oriented in regulating agriculture, knowing when to use incentives and enforcement measures, said Barry Bushue, OFB’s president.

“Lisa has proven herself as a leader in the department who can perform all those functions,” Bushue said.

Hanson said she’s honored by the endorsement and considers it a reflection of the entire agency’s work with farmers and ranchers.

Armed with a degree in agriculture and resource economics from Oregon State University, Hanson began her career as a field representative for several food processing companies that sell products under the Green Giant brand.

In 1996, Hanson joined ODA as the agency’s commodity commission program manager and was promoted to head its commodity inspection division two years later. She became assistant director in 2001 and then deputy director in 2005. In that position she is a legislative liaison and oversees natural resource programs.

Hanson said she believes the agricultural industry needs education about how to comply with regulations before enforcement tools are used.

“We need to help people understand how and what to do to be in compliance,” she said.

Bushue said he’s heartened that Brown chose someone of Coba’s caliber to lead DAS, which shows she understands the value of collaboration.

A multitude of crops and livestock are grown in Oregon, so the ODA’s director must value this diversity, he said. “Oregon’s agriculture can’t afford a narrow focus.”

Friends of Family Farmers, which has criticized ODA for favoring large operations, isn’t currently making any endorsements for ODA’s director, said Ivan Maluski, the group’s policy director.

Maluski said he’s not opposed to Hanson, but would like to see an “open and transparent process” for choosing Coba’s replacement.

“We’re not sure if anyone inside the agency, including Katy Coba’s top deputies, would be able to make needed changes at the Department, which is partly why we think a broader search is necessary,” he said in an email.

Oregon Tilth, which certifies organic farms, believes it’s too early to come out in favor of any particular candidate, said Chris Schreiner, the group’s executive director.

The ideal candidate should have a strong understanding of protecting natural resources, including water, soil and biodiversity, and be prepared to confront the clashes between different types of agriculture, Schreiner said.

“It seems premature to support someone without a comprehensive search,” he said.

A state notice advertising the position said the ODA’s next director would earn roughly $100,000-$150,000 a year and is required to have a bachelor’s degree from an accredited university and at least 10 years experience as the director, deputy director or assistant director of a state agency, among other qualifications.

Recruitment efforts to replace Coba have begun, with the Department of Administrative Services in charge of the initial vetting of candidates, said Bryan Hockaday, the governor’s press secretary.

DAS will then present the list of qualified candidates to Brown, who will ultimately make the appointment, which must be confirmed by the Oregon Senate, he said.

“We do want a diverse pool of qualified candidates,” said Hockaday.

MOLALLA, Ore. — With farmworkers in short supply, nursery producers Jim Gilbert and Lorraine Gardner faced an uphill battle against weeds.

Two years ago, labor shortages caused some fruit tree blocks at their Northwoods Nursery to be completely overrun with weeds, forcing them to take a new approach.

“The weeds won. We couldn’t put enough people on it to keep them under control,” said Gilbert.

That same year, they decided to experiment with a technique they’d encountered in South Korea: Growing bare root trees in raised beds covered in plastic sheeting.

The method, known as plasticulture, is more commonly associated with strawberry production, but South Korean farmers — who also face labor shortages — use it with persimmon trees.

“When you have limited land and limited labor, you need to find more efficient ways of growing,” Gardner said.

Though weed control provided a major motivation for Northwoods Nursery to try the technique, plasticulture has since proven to have other benefits.

Plastic heats the soil by 5 to 7 degrees Fahrenheit while preserving water, allowing the trees to grow quicker — especially since they face less competition, said Gardner.

“There’s no weed competition in the root zone,” she said.

Improved plant vigor allows Northwoods Nursery to grow twice as many plants per row, which means Gilbert and Gardner can devote less land to nursery stock and can plant it with cover crops more often.

The nursery plants Sudangrass during the summer for biomass, then common vetch over the winter to fix nitrogen.

Gilbert and Gardner initially doubled the number of plants per acre, but then had to widen the space between rows to better accommodate tractors for mowing. Nonetheless, their nursery still produces 70 percent more plants per acre with the method.

Plasticulture also improved the operation’s flexibility, since the soil can be worked up in fall and then covered in plastic sheeting with a special $7,000 tractor-pulled implement.

Before the nursery switched to plasticulture, Gilbert and Gardner sometimes had to wait until April for soils to dry enough for planting.

Now, they can plant trees during the winter because the plastic sheets “lock in” soil conditions during the fall, Gardner said.

Better drainage also means fewer problems with diseases associated with water-logged soils, such as phytophthora, Gilbert said.

Soils retain water for a longer time under plastic, so the nursery doesn’t have to begin irrigating until July.

In the past, plants have grown so quickly under the system that they’d become too big for the nursery’s customers to conveniently handle.

The solution is likely to reduce fertilizer and water usage, Gardner said. “We’re still learning as we go.”

Weather forecaster: ‘Get the dart board out’

By Tim Hearden

Capital Press

SACRAMENTO — Weather forecasters are backing off their earlier prediction that La Nina atmospheric conditions would drive weather patterns this fall and winter.

That means all bets are off when it comes to how — and how many — storms will approach the West Coast, advises Michelle Mead, a National Weather Service warning coordinator.

The federal Climate Prediction Center had issued a “watch” for La Nina — a mixture of atmospheric and ocean surface temperatures that tends to steer storms toward the Pacific Northwest and Northern California.

But the center abandoned the La Nina watch as ocean surface temperatures dropped to neutral, portending neutral oceanic conditions that don’t influence storms in a particular direction as they approach the coast.

“(T)here are no strong atmospheric signals to indicate strong correlations to winter conditions,” Mead said in an email.

She said people can “get the dart board out” as winter outlooks show equal chances of above-, near- or below-normal precipitation throughout virtually the entire West.

For the Central Valley and much of the West, an early-season reprieve in the form of ample rainfall may be elusive. From December through April, the Climate Prediction Center sees a good chance of wetter-than-normal conditions only in parts of the inland Northwest, including Eastern Washington, northeastern Oregon and northern and central Idaho.

A drier-than-normal winter is expected in Southern California, while the rest of the West could go either way, according to the center’s long-range models.

The U.S. Seasonal Drought Outlook expects the drought to persist in most of California and in Eastern Oregon through Dec. 31. The U.S. Drought Monitor still shows abnormally dry conditions or moderate drought throughout the West, with Central California still rated as in extreme or exceptional drought.

For the Golden State, a return to neutral oceanic conditions after a year-long El Nino could mean more dry winters after one good-but-not-great precipitation season in many areas.

As the water year draws to a close, Redding’s 40.49 inches of rainfall for the year topped its average of 34.32 annual inches, and more rain in the area was possible late this week, according to the National Weather Service. Fresno’s 14.29 inches since last Oct. 1 is above its normal annual rainfall total of 11.4 inches.

But Sacramento will likely finish on Sept. 30 with slightly below-average precipitation, with 16.19 inches for the season compared to its normal 18.37 inches, according to the weather service.

The season was largely capped off with big storms in March that filled Northern California reservoirs and enabled the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation to give full water allocations to Northern California farms. But in a majority of past years when sea surface temperatures across the equatorial Pacific remained mostly average, California’s rain and snow totals were below normal, Mead noted.

Oregon’s hazelnut growers, with growth and market questions always in the background, agreed to a minimum price this year of $1.18 per pound.

The figure is the floor price, the lowest amount growers will receive from packing companies for nuts harvested this year. The finishing price is typically higher.

Farmer Doug Olsen, president of the Hazelnut Growers Bargaining Association, called it a good starting point.

The initial minimum price was $1.22 in 2015 and a record $1.70 per pound in 2014, when a bad freeze hammered Turkey, by far the world’s largest producer, and demand for Oregon nuts jumped in response.

Olsen said the initial minimum price decreases since then aren’t a major concern. He said 2014 was an anomaly — “Unheard of,” he said of the price — and the four cent drop from 2015 doesn’t amount to much.

In a Sept. 16 news release announcing the price agreement, growers’ representative Terry Ross attributed the dip in price to a “decent” Turkish crop and a carryover of nuts, and good supply of nuts that compete with hazelnuts in various uses. Those include almonds, walnuts, pecans and pistachios, according to the news release.

In addition, the Turkish lira is weak against the U.S. dollar, making Turkish nuts cheaper. That could eat into the export market for Oregon growers.

Olsen, the bargaining association president, said fluctuation in the initial minimum price isn’t a big deal. In 2014 and 2015, the ending price was 6.5 percent and 13 percent higher, respectively, than the initial price.

“As long as it stays above $1, I think the interest to plant is still there,” Olsen said.

“Interest to plant” has been hazelnut growers’ operative phrase for many years, as the industry continues to add 1,500 to 2,000 acres per year, Olsen said. He estimated Oregon now has about 60,000 acres of hazelnuts, with about 35,000 acres in production. Willamette Valley grass seed growers, in particular, have converted fields to hazelnuts. It takes three or four years for trees to begin producing nuts.

One of the open questions in the business is whether a ceiling exists for Oregon hazelnut acreage. As things stand, Oregon dominates U.S. production but is a tiny presence on the international market, even with strong sales of snack nuts to China.

Growers wonder if increased production might attract a company to build a manufacturing plant in the Willamette Valley. Hazelnuts are used in candies, baked goods and spreads such as the popular brand Nutella.

Noted Oregon State University researcher Shawn Mehlenbacher has speculated in the past that Oregon could double its hazelnut production just to replace nuts now imported into the U.S. from Turkey.

In August, OSU was awarded a $3.1 million, five-year USDA grant to continue research. Mehlenbacher is credited with saving the industry in Oregon by breeding varieties that could resist Eastern filbert blight. In its grant application, OSU indicated the money would be used to expand commercial hazelnut production in the U.S., with a focus on the Pacific Northwest.

Oregon’s crop was worth close to $90 million in 2015.

BEND, Ore. — Northwest potato breeding program officials anticipate an influx of seed-sale royalties following the recent additions of two of their protected varieties to a short list of spuds approved for making McDonald’s french fries.

After several years of accepting only four potato varieties — Russet Burbank, Ranger Russet, Umatilla Russet and Shepody — the world’s largest chain of hamburger fast-food restaurants added the Northwest variety Blazer Russet to the list earlier this year.

On Sept. 13, McDonald’s confirmed to industry sources it’s also accepting the Northwest variety Clearwater Russet, and the foreign-developed spud Ivory Russet.

“It’s something we have been expecting for over a year,” said Jeanne Debons, executive director of the Potato Variety Management Institute, which markets potatoes developed collaboratively by the Idaho, Oregon and Washington public potato breeding programs, including Blazer and Clearwater.

In the past, new varieties have appeared promising in testing, only to fail in the late stages due to a quality concern. Four of seven approved McDonald’s spud varieties now originate from from Northwest programs, also including Ranger and Umatilla.

Idaho Potato Commission President and CEO Frank Muir regards the news as a sign that PVMI is effectively leveraging research dollars and providing the biggest return on growers’ money.

“When McDonald’s approves something, they’ve obviously put a lot of scrutiny in it,” Muir said.

Clearwater is a later-maturing, high-protein spud well suited for processing or the fresh market, according to PVMI. It has yielded from 20 to 47 percent more U.S. No. 1 potatoes per acre than Russet Burbank. It also stores well and resists sugar ends and most internal and external tuber defects.

Rupert, Idaho, grower Dan Moss raised 150 acres of Clearwater this season. Moss finds Clearwater requires a bit less fertilizer, and he has ordered more seed for next year. He’s also been pleased by his yield and quality with the variety.

“I’m happy that McDonald’s is being a bit more progressive in that they’re looking at these newer varieties that should have traits they’re wanting but will also be more grower friendly,” Moss said.

Blazer is early maturing and can be used for both the fresh and processed markets. It is resistant to external tuber defects, sugar ends, common and powdery scab and PVX.

Jeff Stark, director of University of Idaho’s potato breeding program, said McDonald’s rigorous demands set the industry standard.

“Both of these varieties have attributes that will allow the processing industry to produce a higher quality product that will benefit producers, processors and the restaurant industry, as well as their customers,” Stark said.

Debons said Clearwater, released in 2010, generated $3,373 in royalties in 2011, and royalties gradually increased to $41,482 by 2014. She said 894 acres of Clearwater seed were raised in 2015. By comparison with an established McDonald’s variety, 6,651 Ranger acres were planted.

“I’m expecting there will be a sharp shift upwards of Clearwater Russet seed acres,” Debons said.

McDonald’s officials could not be reached for comment.